At Colorado River conference in Las Vegas, water managers debate how to make historic cuts
Joshua Partlow
/
The Washington Post
The water managers responsible for divvying up the Colorado River’s dwindling supply are painting a bleak portrait of a river in crisis,
warning that unprecedented shortages could be coming to farms and
cities in the West and that old rules governing how water is shared will
have to change.
State and federal authorities say that years of overconsumption are colliding with the stark realities of climate change,
pushing Colorado River reservoirs to such dangerously low levels that
the major dams on the river could soon become obstacles to delivering
water to millions in the Southwest.
The federal government has called on the seven Western states that rely on Colorado River water to cut usage
by 2 to 4 million acre-feet — up to a third of the river’s annual
average flow — to try to avoid such dire outcomes. But the states have
so far failed to reach a voluntary agreement on how to make that happen, and the Interior Department may impose unilateral cuts in coming months.
“Without immediate and decisive actions, elevations at Lake Powell
and Mead could force the system to stop functioning,” Tommy Beaudreau,
the Interior Department’s deputy secretary, told a conference of
Colorado River officials here Friday. “That’s an intolerable condition
that we won’t allow to happen.”
Many state water officials fear they are already running out of time.
Ted Cooke, general manager of the Central Arizona Project, which
delivers Colorado River water to central Arizona, said that “there’s a
real possibility of an effective dead pool” within the next two years.
That means water levels could fall so far that the Glen Canyon and
Hoover dams — which created the reservoirs at Lake Powell and Lake Mead —
would become an obstacle to delivering water to cities and farms in
Arizona, California and Mexico.
“We may not be able to get water past either of the two dams in the
major reservoirs for certain parts of the year,” Cooke said. “This is on
our doorstep.”
The looming crisis has energized this annual gathering of water
bureaucrats, the occasional cowboy hat visible among the
standing-room-only crowd inside Caesars Palace. It’s the first time the
conference has sold out, organizers said, and the specter of mass
shortages looms as state water managers, tribes and the federal
government meet to hash out how to cut usage on an unprecedented scale.
“I can feel the anxiety and the uncertainty in this room and in the
basin,” said Camille Calimlim Touton, commissioner of the Bureau of
Reclamation.
The negotiations will ultimately have to weigh cuts in rapidly
growing urban areas against those in farming communities that produce
much of the country’s supply of winter vegetables. In the complex world
of water rights, farms often have priority over cities because they’ve
been using river water longer. Unlike in past negotiations, water
managers now expect that cuts will affect even the most senior water
users.
The states of the Upper Colorado River Basin — Colorado, New Mexico,
Utah and Wyoming — say it is difficult to specify how much they can cut
because they are less dependent on allocations from reservoirs and more
on variable flows of the river. The lower basin states — California,
Arizona and Nevada — also consume far more water.
“In the Upper Basin, we can say we’ll take 80 percent, and Mother
Nature gives us 30,” said Gene Shawcroft, chair of the Colorado River
Authority of Utah. “Those are some of the challenges we’re wrestling
with.”
The federal government set an August deadline for the states to reach
a voluntary agreement on cuts, but that deadline passed with no deal.
Some state officials here blame the Biden administration. When it became
clear this summer that the federal government wasn’t ready to impose
unilateral cuts, the urgency for a deal evaporated, they said.
Now the Biden administration has launched a new environmental review
for distributing Colorado River supplies in low-water scenarios. Water
managers hope to have more clarity on what states can offer by the end
of January. By summer, the federal government is expected to define its
authority to impose unilateral cuts.
“Unfortunately, it’s a year later than we need it,” Cooke said in an interview.
Across the West, drought has already led to a record number of wells running dry in California, forced huge swaths of farmland to lie fallow and required homeowners to limit how much they water their lawns. This week, a major water provider in Southern California declared a regional drought emergency and called on those areas that rely on Colorado River water to reduce their imported supplies.
The problems on the river have been building for years. Over the past two decades, during the most severe drought
for the region in centuries, Colorado River basin states have taken
more water out of the river than it has produced, draining the
reservoirs that act as a buffer during hard times. The average annual
flow of the river during that period has been 13.4 million acre-feet —
while users are pulling out an average of 15 million acre-feet per year,
said James Prairie, research and modeling group chief at the Bureau of
Reclamation.
In 1999, Lake Mead and Lake Powell, the two largest reservoirs in the
country, held 47.6 million acre-feet of water. That has fallen to about
13.1 million acre-feet, or 26 percent of their capacity. An acre-foot
equals 326,000 gallons, or enough to cover an acre of land in a foot of
water.
Federal officials have projected that, as soon as July, the level in
Lake Powell could fall to the point where the hydroelectric plant inside
the Glen Canyon Dam could no longer produce power, and then keep
falling so that it would become impossible to deliver the quantities of
water that Southwest states rely on. Water managers say such a “dead
pool” is also possible on Lake Mead within two years.
“These reservoirs have served us for 23 years, but we’re now pushing them to their limits,” Prairie said.
David Palumbo, the Bureau of Reclamation’s deputy commissioner of operations, stressed that the effects of climate change — a hotter and drier West, where the ground absorbs more runoff from mountain snow
before it reaches the reservoirs — means the past is no longer a useful
guide to the future of the river. Even high snow years are now seeing
low runoff, he said.
“That runoff efficiency is critical to be aware of and, frankly, to be afraid of,” he said.
Water managers say cuts are likely to hit hard in Arizona and
California, where major farming regions consume big portions of the
available supply. These states, which get water after it passes through
Lake Mead and the Hoover Dam, also face the greatest risk if the
reservoirs fall to dangerous levels, said John Entsminger, general
manager of the Southern Nevada Water Authority.
“If you can’t get water through Hoover Dam, that’s the water supply for 25 million Americans,” he said.
A dust storm moves across the parched Arizona landscape.
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